Forum Post: Brown Student Lena Sclove Speaks Out After School Lets Her Accused Rapist Return to Campus
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Brown Student Lena Sclove Speaks Out After School Lets Her Accused Rapist Return to Campus
Friday, 02 May 2014 12:04
By Amy Goodman, Democracy Now! | Video Interview
The issue of sexual assault on college campuses has been in the spotlight this week with a White House task force urging schools to take action. The government launched a new informational website, NotAlone.gov, and a public service announcement featuring President Obama and Vice President Joe Biden alongside famous actors. But long before celebrities and senators entered the picture, the battle against sexual assault on college campuses was led by students who have risen up to hold their schools accountable. We are joined by Brown University student Lena Sclove, who says she was raped and strangled in August 2013 by a fellow student. Her alleged rapist was found responsible for four violations of the student conduct code, including "sexual misconduct that involves one or more of the following: penetration, violent physical force or injury." But his penalty effectively amounted to a one-semester suspension. Students say Sclove’s case is not unusual as universities across the country have come under fire for mishandling sexual assault cases. More unusual was Sclove’s decision to speak out by holding a press conference on Brown’s campus last week.
TRANSCRIPT:
This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AMY GOODMAN: The issue of sexual assault on college campuses has been in the spotlight this week. On Tuesday, a White House task force headed by Vice President Joe Biden released a report urging colleges to take action by conducting surveys, promoting bystander intervention and improving their disciplinary systems. Citing studies that show one in five women are sexually assaulted in college, the government launched a new informational website, NotAlone.gov, and a public service announcement featuring President Obama and Vice President Biden alongside famous actors.
BENICIO DEL TORO: We have a big problem, and we need your help.
DULÉ HILL: It’s happening on college campuses, at bars, at parties, even in high schools.
STEVE CARELL: It’s happening to our sisters and our daughters.
DANIEL CRAIG: Our wives and our friends.
SETH MEYERS: It’s called sexual assault, and it has to stop.
DULÉ HILL: We have to stop it. So listen up.
BENICIO DEL TORO: If she doesn’t consent or if she can’t consent, it’s rape, it’s assault.
STEVE CARELL: It’s a crime. It’s wrong.
VICE PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN: If I saw it happening, I was taught you have to do something about it.
BENICIO DEL TORO: If I saw it happening, I speak up.
DANIEL CRAIG: If I saw it happening, I’d never blame her. I’d help her.
DULÉ HILL: Because I don’t want to be a part of the problem.
SETH MEYERS: I want to be a part of the solution.
VICE PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN: We need all of you to be a part of the solution. This is about respect. It’s about responsibility.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: It’s up to all of us to put an end to sexual assault. And that starts with you.
DANIEL CRAIG: Because one is too many.
AMY GOODMAN: That was Daniel Craig, Seth Meyers, Benicio Del Toro, Steve Carell and Dulé Hill, with President Obama and Vice President Biden. The PSA will air in movie theaters and on military installations and ships. Meanwhile, Senators Claire McCaskill and Kirsten Gillibrand are leading an effort for increased funding to address sexual assault at colleges.
Well, long before celebrities and senators entered the picture, the battle against sexual assault on college campuses was led by students who have risen up to hold their schools accountable, sometimes risking sanctions themselves. Students have filed federal complaints at Columbia, the University of California at Berkeley, Dartmouth, Harvard, Yale, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Vanderbilt, Amherst College and Occidental, among scores of others. The number of complaints against colleges related to sexual violence has tripled since tracking began in 2009, with 33 in the first half of this year alone.
Most recently, attention has focused on Brown University, where a student, Lena Sclove, says she was raped and strangled after a party in August 2013. Her alleged rapist, a fellow student, was found responsible for four violations of the student conduct code, including "sexual misconduct that involves one or more of the following: penetration, violent physical force or injury." Sclove says a university panel recommended a two-year suspension, but a dean reduced that to one year. Sclove appealed, seeking a harsher sentence, but was denied. Since her accused attacker remained on campus throughout the hearing and appeal, his one-year suspension effectively became one semester.
The case has caused a nationwide uproar. But students at Brown and elsewhere say Lena Sclove’s story is not necessarily unusual. In fact, in her letter denying Sclove’s appeal, a Brown University official cited, quote, "the precedent of similar cases." More unusual was Lena Sclove’s decision to denounce the university in public. Last week, standing outside Brown’s Van Wickle Gates, surrounded by supporters, she described her injuries.
LENA SCLOVE: It turned out I had a cervical spine injury in my neck from being strangled. It’s very common for trauma injuries like this to take several months to surface. I could not walk for about two months, from January and February. I was bedridden and was forced to take a medical leave. So I lost my one semester of freedom, and now my next opportunity to come back as a student to matriculate here at Brown is the same semester that the rapist is allowed to come back and matriculate here at Brown. I feel like I should have been thanked by the administration for keeping this campus safe; instead, they kept him safe.
AMY GOODMAN: Lena Sclove, speaking at Brown University on April 22nd. Following the uproar over her case, her accused assailant has decided not to return to Brown in the fall. Lena Sclove joins us now in New York along with Wagatwe Wanjuki, an organizer with the Know Your IX campaign, which helps empower students to file complaints against their schools under Title IX. She’s also a contributor at Feministing and a former student at Tufts University, where she filed a complaint in 2008 after two years of alleged rape and abuse by a fellow student, but Tufts did not take action. She was in Washington, D.C., Tuesday for the announcement of the White House report.
Lena and Wagatwe, welcome. Lena, let’s begin with your case. And thank you very much for joining us. It’s extremely brave to speak out as you are doing. Can you talk about what happened to you?
LENA SCLOVE: Sure. The perpetrator was a friend of mine. We had met at a midyear transfer orientation. He seemed like a nice guy. We spent time together over the summer. And then we had been intimate a couple of times. And I think it’s really important to be open about that, because many survivors feel that they can’t come forward because not only did they know the person, but maybe they had been intimate or dated the person before. That does not mean that it can’t be rape in the future.
So, we had decided that it was over. We weren’t interested in moving forward. We were at a party on August 2nd, 2013. Both of us had been drinking. We left the party. And sort of there was definitely flirtation, and at this point it was all consensual, until I was basically pinned against a telephone pole. He had his hand wrapped around my neck. I couldn’t breathe, and I couldn’t move. And that is the moment it became completely unconsensual. And the rest of the night is the nightmare that keeps reliving in my head.
AMY GOODMAN: You said you were strangled twice, and you were raped.
LENA SCLOVE: Yes, I was—yes, he then got me back to his apartment, saying that he would just get me some water and walk me home. Instead, he proceeded to undress me and rape me, and choke and strangle me during the rape again, a second time.
AMY GOODMAN: After this happened, what did you do?
LENA SCLOVE: Well, I was completely in shock the next day. To be perfectly honest, I—the first person I called was a dear friend of mine who’s quite—much older than me. It was, you know, 6:00 in the morning. I woke up. I knew exactly what had happened to me. I was in pain all over. And I think it was very hard for her to understand, you know, what had happened. And it’s really—it’s really crucial to understand that the first person you go to to tell has this immense amount of power. And she really didn’t—didn’t get it and didn’t take it seriously enough or didn’t understand it. And so, by the time my best friend saw me later that day and saw the bruises on my neck and said, "You need to go to the emergency room," I refused, because I had, at that point, started to blame myself, as is so often with survivors. So it wasn’t until five days later, on the Wednesday after the attack, that I called the Brown rape crisis line and was immediately told to go to Health Services, the Brown Health Services, to get tested. And it was basically too late to get a rape kit at that time.
AMY GOODMAN: And what did you do from there?
LENA SCLOVE: Well, from there, I was basically introduced to a sexual assault advocate on campus, who is a wonderful woman, and there are incredible people at Brown who, you know, do support survivors. The problem is it’s a broken system. They are working in a broken system. So I was advised by many people on my various options. While I was told I could go to the criminal justice system, I was told, you know, in the state of Rhode Island, 2 percent of accused rapists are actually found guilty and see any time. He doesn’t have a criminal record. He didn’t have a gun or a knife. You have no physical evidence. This won’t go anywhere, and meanwhile it will be retraumatizing. I was also not given the information that it is possible to go to the police, have pictures of the bruises taken, have the evidence collected, and not make a decision at that time whether or not to press charges. So I did not have the full amount of information.
That said, I wish I had had that information for my case, but I can only speak personally as—especially as a white, upper-middle-class female, I think I should have done that. But for many other people, based on, you know, immigrant documentation status or communities of color, going forward to the police is an incredibly different thing than for a white person to go to the police, for a variety of reasons that we can talk more about. And so, I think so much of this process is about a survivor reclaiming agency over themselves and their decisions, and so I support each survivor’s decision. I just—in my case, if I had had that information, I would have been able to collect the evidence when it existed. Five days later, the bruises were gone.
AMY GOODMAN: And so, at that time, you did not go to the police.
LENA SCLOVE: No, I did not go to the police until February.
AMY GOODMAN: What about the administration?
LENA SCLOVE: I went immediately to the administration. Within two weeks, I had filed an official complaint with the Office of Student Life at Brown University, because I had been told by various advisers that it would be a much faster process, it would keep me safe, I would not be cross-examined during the hearing, and—and that ultimately I would see justice much faster and in a much more humane way than the criminal justice system would handle it.
AMY GOODMAN: Now, let me talk about what the president said, of Brown.
LENA SCLOVE: Sure.
AMY GOODMAN: Democracy Now! contacted Brown University’s president, Christina Paxson, and other officials who played a role in the case. Through a spokesperson, they all declined to join us, directing us to the letter from President Paxson, which states, quote, "To be clear, sexual assault at Brown is not tolerated. Every student at Brown has the right to feel safe from the threat of sexual violence. Students who report being the victims of sexual misconduct receive substantial support from deans, counselors, or advocates. In cases where a crime may have been committed, the student is counseled about options for filing a criminal complaint." President Paxson also said that Brown is accelerating a planned review of its policies and procedures. Lena Sclove, can you respond to that statement?
LENA SCLOVE: First of all, I think it was very poor choice in wording to say sexual assault is not tolerated on this campus a week after my press conference, which clearly demonstrates that it is, because the vice president of the university was the one who denied my appeal—and we can get to that—about the sanctions, and the president of the university was quite aware of my case at the time, being CCed on emails. So, clearly, there is a tolerance for it. So I do not believe that statement.
As for moving forward, that was going to happen anyways. Every five years, the code of conduct is up for review. This is the year. So, the fall, they were going to redo the code of conduct and the sexual misconduct policy anyways.
AMY GOODMAN: So talk about what happens. You reported to the administration.
LENA SCLOVE: I report to the administration. You know, there’s a hearing on October 11th. Witnesses are present there. You know, he has this whole document of a whole different—different night that is not what happened. And there’s a panel of a professor, a dean and a student. Now, they make the findings. The findings are final. They make recommendations for the sanctions. A week later, on October 18th, I get a letter with a decision that he has been found responsible by the panel for all four violations and that the sanction is he will be suspended until fall 2014. At that time, he will be allowed to re-apply for re-admission.
I immediately am shocked that, you know, this is the case. I assume he will appeal. He does not appeal. I do appeal. The appeal process is three weeks long. In that time, they allow him to stay on campus, even though at least he is suspended until the fall because he did not appeal. In his statement that he released saying it was consensual, I just have to ask: If it was consensual, why did not—why did you not appeal? If you’re so sure this is all a lie, you got the sanctions, why didn’t you appeal? So, that is baffling to me. But meanwhile, he was still living on campus, attending classes until just before Thanksgiving, when I was notified in person by the vice president of Brown University that they would not grant my appeal based on past precedent. And by then, I only had three weeks left of the semester and this semester, before he would be returning.
AMY GOODMAN: Now, the panel recommended two years—
LENA SCLOVE: Yes.
AMY GOODMAN: —that he be suspended.
LENA SCLOVE: Yes.
AMY GOODMAN: What actually was the final decision?
LENA SCLOVE: So the panel makes recommendations for the findings, and then the senior associate dean of the Office of Student Life makes the final decision. So he brought it down from two years to one year. And when I appealed the decision, I spoke about that. It’s very peculiar that I was given the information about that findings, because generally students are not told what the panel recommended. So, that’s still a question up in the air of why I was given that information. I was given that information. I cited that in the appeal letter. And the vice president upheld the senior associate dean’s decision, only adding a probationary period as sort of a consolation prize of saying, "We are allowing him back in the fall, but he will be on probation," meaning he will have to check in with deans, you know, once a month or something just to make sure he’s doing OK. And he will—and you’ll have a no-contact order, which essentially means he can’t talk to me. It’s a very weak form of a restraining order.
AMY GOODMAN: Your injuries?
LENA SCLOVE: My injuries, PTSD, for one, immediately after, noise sensitivity and all of that. But physically, during finals, starting December 14th, I began to have migraines. I had a migraine for two weeks straight. Right before Christmas, I woke up with a lump on the back of my spine. We thought it was a tumor. We freaked out. We went to the doctor. It turned out it was—the lumbar spine and the cervical spine are very connected. It was a cervical spine injury as a result of being strangled. So I, from basically late December to early February, was not able to walk without help. I could not climb stairs and have just begun—you know, now I’m able to walk and sit here and be mobile, but I’m in a great deal of back pain all day long. I still cannot run, dance, do yoga or all of the many things that I did before this assault as a very active person.
AMY GOODMAN: And the panel found your assailant responsible for sexual misconduct that involves one or more of the following: penetration, violent physical force or injury.
LENA SCLOVE: And all three were the case in my—in my case.
AMY GOODMAN: Ultimately, although the dean commuted the punishment to one year, a suspension, he, the student, has decided not to return to Brown?
LENA SCLOVE: Correct. His attorney released that in a statement to The Brown Daily Herald last week.
AMY GOODMAN: After your news conference?
LENA SCLOVE: After my news press conference and after many reporters had covered the issue and his name had been released based on the police report.
AMY GOODMAN: We’re talking to Lena Sclove, who is a Brown student who went to her university reporting that she had been raped and strangled. And you’ve heard the story of what happened. When we come back, we will also be joined by Wagatwe Wanjuki to talk about what happened to her at Tufts and to talk about the wider campaign. Both Lena and Wagatwe will talk about what’s happening on college campuses around the country to protect people from sexual abuse and rape. Stay with us.
This piece was reprinted by Truthout with permission or license.
Rape, Rape Culture and the Problem of Patriarchy
Friday, 02 May 2014 09:34
By Robert Jensen, Waging Nonviolence | Op-Ed
http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/23442-rape-rape-culture-and-the-problem-of-patriarchy
By the end of Sexual Assault Awareness Month, two key questions were on the table for those who not only are aware of rape but would like to end men's violence against women.
First, do we live in a rape culture, or is rape perpetrated by a relatively small number of predatory men?
Second, is rape a clearly definable crime, or are there gray areas in sexual encounters that defy easy categorization as either consensual or non-consensual?
If those seem to be tricky, or trick, questions, don't worry. There's an easy answer to both: patriarchy (more on that shortly).
This year's Sexual Assault Awareness Month in April was full of the usual stories about men's violence, especially on university campuses. From football-obsessed state schools to elite private campuses, the reality of rape and rape culture was reported by journalists and critiqued by victim-survivors.
But April also included an unexpected debate within the anti-violence movement about the appropriate boundaries of the discussion about rape and rape culture.
"In the last few years, there has been an unfortunate trend towards blaming 'rape culture' for the extensive problem of sexual violence on campuses," wrote the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, or RAINN, in a letter offering recommendations to the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault (see the government's final report). "While it is helpful to point out the systemic barriers to addressing the problem, it is important to not lose sight of a simple fact: Rape is caused not by cultural factors but by the conscious decisions, of a small percentage of the community, to commit a violent crime."
RAINN expressed concern that emphasizing rape culture makes "it harder to stop sexual violence, since it removes the focus from the individual at fault, and seemingly mitigates personal responsibility for his or her own actions."
Feminists pushed back, pointing out that it shouldn't be difficult to hold accountable the individuals who commit acts legally defined as rape, while we also discuss how prosecuting rapists is made difficult by those who blame victims and make excuses for men's violence, all of which is related to the way our culture routinely glorifies other types of men's violence (war, sports and action movies) and routinely presents objectified female bodies to men for sexual pleasure (pornography, Hollywood movies and strip clubs).
Meanwhile, conservative commentators picked up on all this, using it as a club to condemn the always-demonizable feminists for their allegedly unfair treatment of men and allegedly crazy critique of masculinity.
I'm a man who doesn't believe feminists are unfair or crazy. In fact, I believe the only sensible way to understand these issues is through a feminist critique of — you guessed it — patriarchy.
Rape and rape-like behavior
Before wading into the reasons we need feminism, let's consider a hypothetical:
A young man and woman are on a first date. The man decides early in the evening that he would like to have sexual intercourse and makes his attraction to her clear in conversation. He does not intend to force her to have sex, but he is assertive in a way that she interprets to mean that he "won't take no for an answer." The woman does not want to have sex, but she is uncertain of how he will react if she rejects his advance. Alone in his apartment — in a setting in which his physical strength means she likely could not prevent him from raping her — she offers to perform oral sex, hoping that will satisfy him and allow her to get home without a direct confrontation that could become too intense, even violent. She does not tell him what she is thinking, out of fear of how he may react. The man accepts the offer of oral sex, and the evening ends without conflict.
If that sex happened — and it's an experience that women have described (see Flirting with Danger by Lynn Phillips and the companion film) — should we describe the encounter as consensual sex or rape? In legal terms, this clearly is not rape. So, it's consensual sex. No problem, right?
Consider some other potentially relevant factors: If a year before that situation, the woman had been raped while on a date, would that change our assessment? If she had been sexually assaulted as a child and still, years later, goes into a survival mode when triggered? If this were a college campus and the man was a well-known athlete, and she feared the system would protect him?
By legal standards, this still clearly is not rape. But by human standards, this doesn't feel like fully consensual sex. Maybe we should recognize that both those assessments are reasonable. In short, rape is a definable crime that happens in a rape culture — once again, both things are true.
What is patriarchy and why does it matter?
Patriarchy is a term rarely heard in mainstream conversation, especially since the backlash against feminism took off in the 1980s. So, let's start with the late feminist historian Gerda Lerner's definition of patriarchy as "the manifestation and institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in the society in general." Patriarchy implies, she continued, "that men hold power in all the important institutions of society and that women are deprived of access to such power. It does not imply that women are either totally powerless or totally deprived of rights, influence and resources."
Feminism challenges acts of male dominance and analyzes the underlying patriarchal ideology that tries to make that dominance seem inevitable and immutable. Second-wave radical feminists in the second half of the 20th century identified men's violence against women — rape, child sexual assault, domestic violence and various forms of harassment — as a key method of patriarchal control and made a compelling argument that sexual assault cannot be understood outside of an analysis of patriarchy's ideology.
Some of those feminists argued that "rape is about power not sex," but other feminists went deeper, pointing out that when women describe the range of their sexual experiences it becomes clear there is no bright-line distinction between rape and not-rape, but instead a continuum of sexual intrusion into women's lives by men. Yes, men who rape seek a sense of power, but men also use their power to get sex from women, sometimes under conditions that are not legally defined as rape but involve varying levels of control and coercion.
So, the focus shouldn't be reduced to a relatively small number of men who engage in behavior we can easily label as rape. Those men pose a serious problem and we should be diligent in prosecuting them. But that prosecution can go on — and, in fact, will be aided by — recognizing the larger context in which men are trained to seek control and pursue conquest in order to feel like a man, and how that control is routinely sexualized.
Patriarchal sex
If this seems far-fetched, think about the ways men in all-male spaces often talk about sex, such as asking each other, "Did you get any?" From that perspective, sex is the acquisition of pleasure from a woman, something one takes from a woman, and men talk openly among themselves about strategies to enhance the likelihood of "getting some" even in the face of resistance from women.
This doesn't mean that all men are rapists, that all heterosexual sex is rape or that egalitarian relationships between men and women are impossible. It does mean, however, that rape is about power and sex, about the way men are trained to understand ourselves and to see women.
Let me repeat: The majority of men do not rape. But consider these other categories: Men who do not rape but would be willing to rape if they were sure they would not be punished. Men who do not rape but will not intervene when another man rapes. Men who do not rape but buy sex with women who have been, or likely will be, raped in the context of being prostituted. Men who do not rape but will watch films of women in situations that depict rape or rape-like acts. Men who do not rape but find the idea of rape sexually arousing. Men who do not rape but whose sexual arousal depends on feeling dominant and having power over a woman. Men who do not rape but routinely masturbate to pornography in which women are presented as objectified bodies whose primary, or only, function is to provide sexual pleasure for men.
Those men are not rapists. But is that fact — that the men in these categories are not, in legal terms, guilty of rape — comforting? Are we advancing the cause of ending men's violence against women by focusing only on the acts legally defined as rape?
Rape is rape, and rape culture is rape culture
Jody Raphael's book Rape is Rape: How Denial, Distortion, and Victim Blaming Are Fueling a Hidden Acquaintance Rape Crisis points out that if we use "a conservative definition of rape about which there can be no argument" — rape as an act of "forcible penetration" — the research establishes that between 10.6 percent and 16.1 percent of American women have been raped. That means somewhere between 12 million and 18 million women in this country today live as rape victim-survivors, if we use a narrow definition of the crime.
Because no human activity takes place in an ideological vacuum — the ideas in our heads affect the way we behave — it's hard to make sense of those numbers without the concept of rape culture. A rape culture doesn't command men to rape, but it does make rape inviting, and it reduces the likelihood rapists will be identified, arrested, prosecuted, convicted and punished. It's hard to imagine any meaningful efforts to reduce, and someday eliminate, rape without talking openly and honestly about these matters. But RAINN argues that such denial is exactly the path we should take.
Why should we fear talking about the socialization process by which boys and men are trained to see themselves as powerful over women and to see women as sexual objects? Why should we fear asking critical questions about all-male spaces, such as athletic teams and fraternities, where these attitudes might be reinforced? Could it be a fear that the problem of sexual assault is so deeply entwined in our taken-for-granted assumptions about gender that any serious response to the problem of rape requires us to all get more radical, to take radical feminism seriously?
This does not mean all men are rapists, that all male athletes are rapists, or that all fraternity members are rapists. It does mean that if we want to stop sexual violence, we have to confront patriarchy. If we decide we aren't going to talk about patriarchy, then let's stop pretending we are going to stop sexual violence and recognize that, at best, all we can do is manage the problem. If we can't talk about patriarchy, then let's admit that we are giving up on the idea of gender justice and goal of a world without rape.
It's easy to understand why people don't like this formulation of the problem, given that anything beyond a tepid liberal, postmodern feminism is out of fashion these days and radical feminist analyses of male dominance are rarely part of polite conversation. Sometimes people concede the value of such an analysis, but justify the silence about it by claiming, "People can't handle it." When someone makes that claim, I assume what they mean is "I can't handle it myself," that it's too much, too painful to deal with.
That's not hard to understand, because to confront the reality of rape and rape culture is to realize that vigorous prosecution of the small number of men who rape doesn't solve the larger problem.
If anyone still doubts that rape culture exists and is relevant, how else would we explain the Yale University fraternity members who marched on campus while shouting sexist chants, including "No means yes, yes means anal," as part of a 2010 pledge event?
Everyone recognizes the mocking reference to the anti-rape message, "No means no," which expresses women's demand that men listen to them. These Yale men reject that. The second part of their chant — "Yes means anal" — states that women who agree to sex are implicitly agreeing to anything a man wants, including anal penetration. This will make sense to anyone who is aware of the prevalence of anal penetration in today's pornography marketed to heterosexual men. In those pornographic scenes, women sometimes beg for that penetration and other times are forced into it, but the message is the same: Men's pleasure is central.
In this one chant, these men of Yale — one of the most elite universities in the United States, which produces some of the country's most powerful business and political leaders, including five presidents — clearly express a patriarchal view of gender and sex. Their chant is an endorsement of rape and an expression of rape culture.
Is a feminist critique of rape and rape culture a threat to me as a man? I was socialized in a patriarchal culture to believe that whatever feminists had planned, I should be afraid of it. But what I have learned from radical feminists is that quite the opposite is true — feminism is a gift to men. Such critique does not undermine my humanity, but instead gives me a chance to embrace it.
This piece was reprinted by Truthout with permission or license.
Rape - the beloved practice ( secretly - well not so secret - not really - though the worst practitioners very vehemently deny that that is what they are doing ) of many - it's not just the dreadful violent sick abuse of women world wide - the planet and all of it's peoples and environment are and always have been targets of wealthy rapists.